Hi Class,
Please answer the following:
Name two learning principles that you learn in understanding the physical and motor development of children and adolescent. Give example on how to apply the learning principles mentioned in the classroom setting.
Doc Raqui
Please answer the following:
Name two learning principles that you learn in understanding the physical and motor development of children and adolescent. Give example on how to apply the learning principles mentioned in the classroom setting.
Doc Raqui
Firstly, I am admitting to feeling a bit of confusion to the question, are we talking about "The Principles of Learning" (i.e. Learning is an evolutionary Process, Learning is sometimes painful, Learning is a consequence of experience, Etc.) or "Principles of Development?" (i.e. Cephalo-Caudal, Proximo-distal, Etc.)or maybe a combination? :)
ReplyDelete--- REGARDLESS (Based on What I have learned)---
"Development Depends on Maturation and Learning"
-Maturation is the sequential characteristic of biological growth and development. When these biological changes occur in order, they give children new abilities. The changes that happen in the brain and the nervous system help children improve their cognitive process or thinking, and their motor processes and skills. A child must mature and grow to a certain point before he/she can progress into new set of skills. This refers to the child’s readiness.
Example:
In the school setting, a child can’t write or draw if he/she has not yet developed complete motor control to hold a crayon or pencil. As a teacher, you cannot force a child to do this, yet, you can help in developing it. Providing a stimulating environment where the child can doodle or draw using paint with his/her hands and fingers could be a starting point for progressing into the new skill of using a crayon or pencil instead.
“Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the complex.”
-As a child’s cognitive functions develop, they look at things from being simple and concrete, to more complex objects. Children learn relationships between objects: How they are similar and different and they learn to classify them, and ultimately, looking at each object with knowing individuality. As we grow older, our brains develop higher cognitive functions.
Example:
A three-year old child may look at an Apple as something that is colored Red, a Lemon as something that is colored Yellow. As the child matures, he/she can classify both as fruits, but then, one is generally sweet, and the other is generally sour. As the child progresses, his/her understanding of objects also increases: The components of the fruit, how it is grown, etc. He/she will look at an Apple and Lemon, not as simply, “Red and Yellow” In the classroom setting, it is important to understand this principle, because the child’s developmental stage will also reflect his works and answers in class. A teacher cannot expect a complex and abstract answer from a young child who sees objects concretely.
Based on my research the learning principles are readiness, exercise, and effect. Since Thorndike set down his basic three laws in the early part of the twentieth century, five additional principles have been added: primacy, recency, intensity, freedom and requirement.
ReplyDeleteReadiness implies a degree of concentration and eagerness. Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and do not learn well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready to learn, creating interest by showing the value of the subject matter, and providing continuous mental or physical challenge, is usually the instructor’s responsibility. If students have a strong purpose, a clear objective, and a definite reason for learning something, they make more progress than if they lack motivation. In other words, when students are ready to learn, they meet the instructor at least halfway, simplifying the instructor’s job.
Since learning is an active process, students must have adequate rest, health, and physical ability. Basic needs of students must be satisfied before they are ready or capable of learning. Students who are exhausted or in ill health cannot learn much. If they are distracted by outside responsibilities, interests, or worries, have overcrowded schedules, or other unresolved issues, students may have little interest in learning.
Exercise
The principle of exercise states that those things most often repeated are best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. The key here is that the practice must be meaningful. It is clear that practice leads to improvement only when it is followed by positive feedback.
The human memory is fallible. The mind can rarely retain, evaluate, and apply new concepts or practices after a single exposure. Students do not learn complex tasks in a single session. They learn by applying what they have been told and shown. Every time practice occurs, learning continues. These include student recall, review and summary, and manual drill and physical applications. All of these serve to create learning habits. The instructor must repeat important items of subject matter at reasonable intervals, and provide opportunities for students to practice while making sure that this process is directed toward a goal.
Edward Lee Thorndike’s Principles of Learning, which is also referred to us a Laws of Learning. This includes readiness, exercise, effect, primacy, recency, intensity, freedom, and requirement. Utilizing these principles, I relate it to physical and motor development of child/adolescent, then afterwards examples were given.
ReplyDeletea) principle of exercise—this states the those things that are repeatedly use are best to remember. The main point here is to practice meaningfully. We say that “practice makes perfect”. A child who often holds or grasp pen or pencil is able to learn easily and develop his writing skills, able to sketch, and/or able to draw; children/students who have difficulty in writing must be given an opportunity to practice until such time he is now able to write more effectively. From simple to complex learning, a child is able develop skill or to manipulate object through step-by-step process. Doing regular running or walking will be able to develop muscles in the legs and thigh and be able to develop his posture and gait. Playing baseball or basketball can be able to improve and develop his skills in catching or throwing the ball, and is able to develop his physical strength, endurance, and agility. Riding on a bicycle is also a good example. The first attempt to ride is so difficult and there’s tendency to fall, but then when time goes by through practice, a child can easily manipulate or drive his bicycle and is now able to operate and control the speed of the pedal. This will develop his manner of grasping or holding bike’s handle or “hand-bar” and improve his ability to cycle the bike. In applying to the school setting, Math is the good subject that needs more practice and drill or “exercises” in order to have fully understanding some Mathematical equation and solution. We should practice regarding problem-solving and its technique, because every time we practice, learning continues. Then, this practice may lead to improvement so we must then give positive feedback to the student (i.e., “very good answer Mr. Cruz) in order to maintained the well manner. Another example is memorization and reviewing, specifically in preparation for the exam. These things are hard to do especially when you read and memorize only at once, you need to read and read it again until you already understand and comprehend the topic. The end result will be comprehension and understanding. We Filipinos say “kahit balik-baliktarin mo yan, kabisado mo yan”, because of the concept of practice and repetition. Every time we read and read all over again, every words will sink-in into our mind because there is so-called “thought echo” that will create flashbacks in our memory on what we are read about.
b) principle of effect—if we are enjoying on what we do, then definitely we will do it the next around. It has direct relationship with motivation. If we enjoy swimming or playing football, then we are encouraged to do it all over again. This could lead to development of body movement, control, and coordination, and the development of major muscle groups like hamstring. Probably, if there’s a reward then children will like to move immediately like doing household chores, washing the dishes, or cleaning the house. In applying to the school setting, positive reinforcement may be useful, by means of rewards or punishments. A child/student who is motivated to learn demonstrate best academic performance, by system of rewards like gift or recognition, students’ behavior will like to recur again. Teachers must be cautious with the punishment because it can alter student learning. Another example, teachers’ teaching strategies will also be considered. If the student feels pleasant or satisfying feeling in the teaching strategy, then he will find interest and cooperation with the class. Learning needs and outcome will be attained. If the student may find it boring and confusing, the student will lose his attention and motivation to listen and learn. This is unpleasant to the students’ feeling. Students who experienced hi-tech tools or instructions (i.e., PowerPoint presentation using LCD, simulation, or hi-tech laboratory) may increase his attention, participation, cooperation, and boost his confidence in learning. Every single moment of the student spending in school must have “good feelings” in order for him to strive more and to study eagerly, and to “survive” in the daily learning activities. Praise and words of encouragements are significant in the students’ performance and achievement. It has a psychological effect to everyone. This can develop them to motivate, gain interest, and appreciate the essence of studying and learning lessons. The more praises and words of encouragement you receive, the more chance to acquire and gain more knowledge and to function effectively in school.
ReplyDeleteThe Principles or Laws of Learning were first stated by Edward Thorndike. These are readiness, exercise, effect, primacy, recency and intensity. (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_principles_of_learning)
ReplyDeleteExercise
It pertains to practice and drill. If a student practices what they are learning, and drills until they can repeat the information correctly, or can perform the skill properly. Things that are most often repeated are most often remembered. Practice makes perfect. For example in the preschool setting, when a child has a hard time in writing their name, or simply in drawing a line, the teacher should practice more often the child in that skill or give some exercises that will help her/him master that skill. In the end, the student will perform that writing skill very easily. That is the reason why when the child enters the school age period, the child can write or perform writing skills properly and without difficult.
Another example in the grade school setting, when the school will conduct a field demo, they must practice some steps in order to come up with a dance number. They must practice; practice and practice so that they will all perform the steps easily and in the end, and they will dance in synchronize.
Effect
It pertains to the emotional state of the student. It is related to motivation. Positive reinforcement that gives the student a feeling of accomplishment and satisfaction is more likely to result in learning than negative reinforcement or punishment. Actually this principle depends on a student on how he/she will handle a negative reinforcement. Some students cannot handle negative reinforcement. For example, if a student recites in a class and the teacher says that she is wrong. Some students will get embarrassed and their self-confidence will decrease. As a result, they will never recite in a class or they will be shy in reciting. But also, some students will take this as a challenge. Instead, they will study harder so that in the next recitation they will answer correctly the teacher’s questions.
Another example in the preschool setting, when a child has a good assignment, the teacher should put a star on his/her hand or in their notebook. This achievement will be used by the child as a motivating factor. They will do their homeworks or any activity properly and they will provide their best.
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ReplyDeleteOne of the principles of learning according to Thorndike is the principle of readiness. Motivation is needed to develop or display changed behavior. Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally and emotionally ready to learn and they do not learn well if they do not see reason for learning. Students must be ready to learn in order to succeed at the task. You as a teacher and your students as well must also be ready, as a teacher you must be ready with the lessons that you are going to discuss in the classroom, same to your students, they must be ready and well prepared everyday when they go to school so that learning will take place. Example of this principle is giving background about the topics that you are going to tackle so that your students will be ready and prepared for the upcoming lessons, when the students are ready with every lessons they will have the interest and motivation to understand and also appreciate the lessons. Students need to have the prerequisite knowledge in order to be ready to learn more advanced theory.
ReplyDeleteAnother principle is the principle of effect. Learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling. Positive feedback helps students to learn faster and retain better. Students retain information when there is an emotional response associated. This emotional response can be triggered by giving constructive feedback during and at the end of classroom and lab sessions. The classroom experiences should be satisfactory and pleasant. The teacher must enjoy his/her teaching work. Example of this is the classroom management, if the environment of the classroom is well-lighted, well-ventilated and the space is adequate for the students, the effect of this is the students will be motivated in learning. Another example is when a student performs well in the classroom, praising him/her or giving a reward to him/her will help build his/her self-confidence, self-worth and will encourage future participation.
Based upon the lesson that was discussed last meeting, the Principles of Development pertains to the following: Cephalocaudal, Proximodistal, Maturation and Learning, Simple-Complex, Continuous Process, General-Specific and the Individuality of Growth and Development. The principles of development help us understand the physical and motor development of child and adolescents.
ReplyDeleteCephalocaudal Principle- The development proceeds from the head to the upper and lower extremities. This principle is clearly emphasized in the Childs’ Developmental Milestones. During the early months of living, the baby gains control of the head first. This includes the eye reflex, head movement and the ability to push and hold the head up for breastfeeding. Later on, the baby will now be able to utilize the hands and legs for sitting, crawling, standing and walking.
Proximodistal – This describes the direction of development which is from the proximal part of the body to the distal part. The child’s arms develop before the hands and the hands develop before the fingers. The child will first learn the basic movements of arms before learning how to perform “close-open” and point the fingers.
Application: In providing health teachings to pregnant adolescents regarding prenatal and postnatal care, it is very important to elaborate the developmental processes. T he pregnant teens must be taught about the physical changes that will be brought by the pregnancy. For instance, there will be weight gain and increase in the size of the uterus and breast. They will also experience series of morning sicknesses, difficulty of breathing and sleep pattern disturbances due to the growing fetus. The pregnant teens must be able to learn and familiarize the developmental milestones so that they will not be ignorant and clueless about the growth and development of their babies. Providing knowledge about the principles of development helps them to assess the expected development at certain age. A well informed mother will not force her seven month old baby to stand and walk for the baby is only capable of sitting. There is a specific time to learn specific skills. The child must be physically ready in order to perform certain skills and activities.
Name two learning principles that you learn in understanding the physical and motor development of children and adolescent. Give example on how to apply the learning principles mentioned in the classroom setting
ReplyDeleteTo begin with, I actually have read all the principles of learning by Thorndike. The two principles I have learned are READINESS and EFFECT in understanding physical and motor development of children and adolescent. Just a brief explanation why these two were learned by me, besides the fact that these two go together, both has an impact on me in a way that I am motivated to understand the physical and motor development of children and adolescent because I know I will be able to use these with my students in the future.
EXAMPLES:
First principle is READINESS. Both for students and the teacher, Readiness is very important. For the students, the reason why we go to school is to learn. For us to achieve what we want to learn is we should be READY, we should be prepared, we should know why we want and why we need to learn. An example of this is I, as a working student I should know how to balance both my work and my studies. I make sure when I go to work at night I’m ready, I leave my problems at home so it will not affect my job. Same as when I go to school right after my shift from work, I see to it that even though I don’t have enough sleep, I still manage to do my homeworks and be sure to be present in the class. Most importantly for the teachers, it is very important to be always ready. They should be an epitome to students. From the time they enter the classroom to the time they go out teachers should be ready. If the students saw the teacher who’s very eager to teach, definitely the student will be motivated and will have eagerness to learn whatever the subject matter is.
Second Principle is EFFECT. If there is a mutual understanding between the teacher and the students, surely, that teacher is effective. He/ She affect the students’ lives. For instance, the student has a problem at home and she/ he wasn’t able to do his/homework, of course the teacher doesn’t have any idea why that student was not able to do it. So the teacher should first ask before reprimanding the student. There are a lot of ways on how to handle things in a positive manner. Praising the students’ with the good deeds they have done is also one of the examples for this principle. Another is giving them time to review the lessons they think they did not understand. And there are actually a lot of examples that can be mentioned on how this principle be applied in the classroom.
Edward Thorndike’s Principle of Learning comprises of readiness, effect, exercise, recency, primacy, freedom, requirement, and intensity.
ReplyDelete1. readiness—means preparation of action. In some instance, it is through sequence or by a process. A toddler sit before they creep, creep before they stand, stand before they walk, and walk before they run. This means that learning through action is aroused by preparatory adjustment or in proper sequence in some cases. Another example is the toilet training. Most of the toddler or child doesn’t want to defecate in the toilet’s bowl because they are afraid. They believe that if they will seat on the bowl they will flush inside the bowl or they cannot escape inside the bowl. Through proper toilet training, they will get readiness to seat properly and some hygiene purposes also. In a school set-up, student must be physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially “ready” to learn. His mind must be conditioned in order to get ready for some action. Motivation is also a key factor. This will develop and contribute to learning process of the student. The more motivation you have, the more eagerness and concentration you will take. Student who is motivated to learn, signals that he is ready to listen, to participate, and cooperate in a work environment. This is a matter of mind-and-body conditioning. As a teacher, we should establish rapport with the student in order for them to get ready and we should catch their interest and attention to prepare or do their task accordingly. Also we should orient them to the school or environment especially for those with separation anxiety to familiarize the environment including school, classmates, teachers, or other personnel.
2. exercise—exhibits that the best things to remember are those repeatedly use it. This can be done by means of practice or exercise itself. Let say for example, a 3-year old child who eats food very clumsy because he has poor grip or hold technique with his spoon and fork, then later on, he can now acquire the proper holding of the spoon and fork by means of practice Another example is coloring book or notebook. There are kids who colors their book incorrectly because they have uncontrollable hand grip. They exceed the line or shade. But, by proper hand grip they will now able to control their hand. They can learn not to exceed the line, just exactly as the line.
In school setting, example would be typewriting. There are students who type the keyboard so slow. Some takes an hour before they finish a whole paragraph. This can be improve well by means of regular using of the computer and doing some typewritten activity in order to type fasts. Another example is music or singing with the music (ie., in music subject). Some cannot sing well. Through the help of musical instructor the student will learn how to sing properly and can able to read music note. Procedure and routines inside the class is also considered. When the teacher sits down, it can signify that the class or discussion will start now. When visitors arrived, they greet them gracefully. When the teacher enter the class, greet him (some are automatically) and you may take your seat now.
two principles of learning that i learned through understanding the physical and motor development of children and adolescent are readiness and exercise.
ReplyDeleteReadiness: for instance inside the womb of a mother, the baby has to stay inside her mother's tummy for at least 37 weeks before it become ready to come out to the outer world, or else, premature birth might lead to some abnormalities, or underdeveloment of some features or worse to death. Before crawling, the baby has to learn moving his body sideways first. Before running, a toddler has to start with walking, and he has to develop bones first for him to be ready to do running. Just like in classroom, we cannot teach reading words if the child has not even started reading letters. And being ready to absord forms, sounds, and symbols of letters, also takes some mental capacity readiness first.
Another is exercise. Anything that is done with repetition, is easily learned, retained and mastered. Just for example in school, for a field demo, at first as the students has just started practicing steps for a dance, they find it awkward and uneasy to sway those arms and legs. But as they go along and repetitively do the steps, familiarization and memorization takes place and learning is faster and easier. Just like in a classroom setting, for example in algebra: if students are used to solving different problem using the same formula, mastery of the said formula takes place and learning as well happens
Requirement
ReplyDeleteThe law of requirement states that "we must have something to obtain or do something." It can be an ability, skill, instrument or anything that may help us to learn or gain something. A starting point or root is needed; for example, if you want to draw a person, you need to have the materials with which to draw, and you must know how to draw a point, a line, a figure and so on until you reach your goal, which is to draw a person.
If we want to do something in class all the materials which are needed and the person who will do the task in class should also be ready and willing to do or perform the said task. If the requirements for a certain task in class is incomplete it will be hard for the student to learn .
Intensity
The more intense the material taught, the more likely it will be retained. A sharp, clear, vivid, dramatic, or exciting learning experience teaches more than a routine or boring experience. The principle of intensity implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute. For example, a student can get more understanding and appreciation of a movie by watching it than by reading the script. Likewise, a student is likely to gain greater understanding of tasks by performing them rather than merely reading about them. The more immediate and dramatic the learning is to a real situation, the more impressive the learning is upon the student. Real world applications that integrate procedures and tasks that students are capable of learning will make a vivid impression on them.
In contrast to practical instruction, the classroom imposes limitations on the amount of realism that can be brought into teaching. The instructor needs to use imagination in approaching reality as closely as possible. Classroom instruction can benefit from a wide variety of instructional aids, to improve realism, motivate learning, and challenge students. Instructors should emphasize important points of instruction with gestures, showmanship, and voice. Demonstrations, skits, and role playing do much to increase the learning experience of students. Examples, analogies, and personal experiences also make learning come to life. Instructors should make full use of the senses (hearing, sight, touch, taste, smell, balance, rhythm, depth perception, and others).
During class learning it directly is more understandable than just hearing from it. Rather than feed the students what to do let them learn through their own experience because the more intense the experience it the more it retains and the easier for the students to understand the subject matter rather than saying the parts of the plant let them bring the plant and discuss it.
The principles that were discussed are the cephalocaudal principle, proximodistal principle and maturation and learning. Cephalocaudal principle explains about the development wherein the child first gains control of the head, then the arms and then the legs. Maturation learning refers to the sequence of biological changes of a child. It pertains to the ability of the child to acquire new abilities in an orderly manner. These changes help children develop more of their cognitive and motor skills. Learning environment has also a role wherein it helps the child develop his/her potentials. If a child is exposed to a poor learning environment, he/she will have a slow and poor development, and if the child is exposed to a rich learning environment, he/she will most likely develop good development and maximize it.
ReplyDeleteAn example of this is when a child cannot pronounce or speak clearly in class. As a teacher, you have to teach the child slowly and provide a rich learning environment for him/her. Make it enjoyable and encouraging while teaching him/her the right pronunciation and stress of a word. Teach him/her simple words first until he/she masters it and then gradually try to combine two words on the next teaching. We also have to take note that there are children of same age who progressed ahead of others in a certain developmental area, so as a teacher, we have to observe first what ability do they gained and plan appropriate activities in order to develop their new skills.
The principles of learning that i learned through understanding the physical and motor development of children and adolescent are READINESS and EFFECT.
ReplyDeleteReadiness : students must be ready to learn in order to succeed at the task. Readiness includes eagerness to learn, focus or concentration, getting enough sleep and eating properly so that the student has enough energy, and understanding the value of the material being learned.A student may be at a higher level of readiness in one skill area, such as interpersonal communication, and a lower level of readiness in another, such as accessing information.
Effect refers to the emotional state of the student, and relates to motivation. The principle of effect is based on the emotional reaction of the student. Experiences that produce feelings of defeat, frustration, anger, confusion, or futility are unpleasant for the student. for example, an instructor attempts to teach advanced concepts on the initial engagement, the student is likely to feel inferior and be frustrated. Impressing upon students the difficulty of a task to be learned can make the teaching task difficult.
Hi Class, sorry for the unclear question but what I meant was principles learned from the previous discussion and not principles of learning. Anyways, either ways, you get a grade. Thanks to Kennan and Donnabel for understanding my question; however, even the principles of learning can be applied in the physical and motor development. Camille, you did well also in answering my questions based on your understanding. God bless!
ReplyDeleteHi Anne Therese and Patricia, I did not read your answer on this blog, hence, you have no grade for this.
ReplyDelete